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Summary and Bibliography of Chapter 5

1. 
   Enzymes may be used in batch or continuous reactors. The choice of reactor for specific applications depends upon the physical forms of the substrate(s), enzymes) and products) in addition to the process economics.

2. The PBR generally makes the most efficient use of immobilised enzymes. The CSTR is preferred mainly where pH control is essential or where the physical properties of the substrate stream are incompatible with PBR operation. The FBR has properties between those of a PBR and a CSTR but is more difficult to scale -up. Membrane reactors are versatile but expensive.

3. Immobilised enzymes are used in an increasing number o economically viable bioconversions, the most important of which is the isomerisation of glucose.

References and Bibliography

1. Baret, J. L. (1987). Large -scale production and application of immobilised lactase. Methods in Enzymology, 136, 411 -23.

2. Chen, W. -P. (1980). Glucose isomerase (a review). Process Biochemistry, 15, 30 -41.

3. Daniels, M. J. (1986). Immobilised enzymes in carbohydrate food processing. In Biotechnology in the food industry, pp. 29 -35. Pinner: Online Publications.

4. Daniels, M. J. (1987). Industrial operation of immobilised enzymes. Methods in Enzymology, 136, 356 -70. Howaldt, M. W., Kulbe, K. D. & Chmiel, H. (1986). Choice of reactor to minimise enzyme requirement. 1. Mathematical model for one -substrate Michaelis-Menten type kinetics in continuous reactors. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 8, 627 -31

5. Jensen, V. J. & Rugh, S. (1987). Industrial -scale production and application of immobilised glucose isomerase. Methods in Enzymology, 136, 356 -70.

6. Kleinstreuer, C. & Agarwal, S. S. (1986). Analysis and simulation of hollow -fiber bioreactor dynamics. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 28, 1233 -40.

7. Soda, K. & Yonaha, K. (1987). Application of free enzymes in pharmaceutical and chemical industries. In Biotechnology, vol. 7a Enzyme technology, ed. J. F. Kennedy, pp. 605 -52. Weinheim: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.

8. Van Tilburg (1984). Enzymic isomerisation of corn starch -based glucose syrups. In Starch conversion technology, ed. G. M. A. Van Beynum & J. A. Roels, pp. 175 -236. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.

9. Vieth, W. R., Venkatasubramanian, K., Constantinides, A. & Davidson, B. (1976). Design and analysis of immobilized -enzyme flow reactors. In Applied biochemistry and bioengineering, vol. I Immobilised enzyme principles, ed. L. B. Wingard & E. Katchalski -Katzir, pp. 221 -327. London: Academic Press.

10. Watanabe, I. (1987). Acrylamide production method using immobilised nitrilase -containing microbial cells. Methods in Enzymology, 136, 523 -30.

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